Computers existed prior to the 1970’s, but they were enormous, cumbersome, and very expensive. They were utilized by governments, universities, large corporations and other huge organizations. The emergence of the microprocessor in the very early ‘70’s is what allowed the cost of a personal computer to become feasible for consumers.
The very first home computers were sold in kits and not many were initially available. Of primary interest to hobbyists, these personal computers slowly became more accessible in universities and laboratories, thus enabling people to compile data without having to wait in line for the huge computers to process batch requests.
The Computer History Museum considers the Kenbak-1 to be the very first personal computer. Sold in 1971, this computer was built from small integrated circuits and did not contain a microprocessor. Sold originally for $750.00 US, only 40 of the units were ever sold.
The release of the Intel 4004 Microprocessor in 1972 was another landmark in the history of the personal computer. Intel made these microprocessors more powerful than its earlier chips and much more cost effective. The reduced cost allowed the introduction of microprocessors into personal computers.
By 1973, minicomputers had their own operating systems, allowing them to work independently. The Xerox Alto was released in 1973 and was a huge advancement in the field of personal computing technology. This unit had internal and external memory storage, a mouse, specialized software and a graphical user interface in addition to a bit-mapped and high resolution monitor.
In 1975, single-chip microprocessors were widely available and opened the door to companies vying for the creation of the best personal computer. Companies such as MITS, Xerox, IBM and more began competing to produce more powerful machines that were also more affordable.
This race for bigger and better in the world of personal computer technology hasn’t stopped since. Computers have progressively become faster, smaller and more affordable — and the race will likely continue forever.